[BSc (Hons) C&P Dissertation] Hypocrisy surrounding International Terrorism

[yingyang06]

So over the last few days i've been thinking about sharing my dissertation, i believe some members will find this paper interesting as it was a project i did for my BSc (Hons) Crime & Policing course. In no way am i anti-american, i simply found this topic interesting.

So please enjoy :)

Abstract............................................................................................p.4
Introduction....................................................................................p.5
Section 1:
•   What is Terrorism.......................................................p.6
•   Counter-Terrorism......................................................p.7
Section 2:
•   Human Rights...............................................................p.11
Section 3:
•   Domestic and Foreign Terrorism.............................p.15
•   State Terrorism............................................................p.16
Section 4:
•   Hypocrisy.......................................................................p.18
•   Case Study: Fallujah...................................................p.19
•   Media and Terrorism...................................................p.21
Conclusion........................................................................................p.27
References......................................................................................p.28

Hypocrisy Surrounding International Terrorism

Abstract

This Dissertation gives a justification of the subject of how Hypocrisy plays an important part in International Terrorism. The writer choose this subject for the paper due to their own personal interest, therefore wanted to expand their knowledge of the subject as well as how it affected family, friends, neighbours and also looking further at how the subject would affect the country and the world.

In order to put across the knowledge gained by writing this paper the writer used a variety of research techniques ranging from the use of books to better their knowledge as well as looking into the views of others. The research of the paper found that many governments and individuals were against the use of terrorist tactics to control, however there were a few individuals and governments who thought it was justified to use terrorist tactics in order to control a specific population by fighting terror with terror.

It was found through the course of this paper that governments tend to focus on their own citizens rather than those foreigners who are left with mental and physicals scars due to military action, therefore the writer believes as a result of their study recommendations should be made to better enhance other readers knowledge.

Introduction

Over the centuries it has become increasingly difficult to ignore terrorism and the Hypocrisy surrounding such a bloody and awful crime. Central to the understanding of terrorism it is important to first fully understand what terrorism means. Over the past century there has been a drastic increase of terrorism used not only by terrorists themselves but governments too in order to control their own country or other countries; however these rapid changed are having a serious effect on how the public perceive terrorism, it can also be said that to date there has been little agreement on whether or not governments are hypocritical when talking about terrorism when they themselves use or support it. So far however research has tended to focus on terrorism committed by terrorists rather than governments themselves.

This paper will seek to remedy problems relating to hypocrisy and terrorism by analysing the use of terrorism and when it has been used. This paper attempts to show that it is hypocritical for governments to talk about fighting terrorism when they use terrorist tactics themselves. Due to word constraint this paper has been divided into 8 parts with an overview to each section because of terrorism being a large area to discuss.
This paper begins by explaining what is meant when we hear the word terrorism, it will then go onto explain how we can fight terrorism with the use of counter-terrorism measures, after discussing counter terrorism it will then go on to explain in detail human rights which is a very important subject when speaking about terrorism as terrorism breaches our human rights. The fourth part of this paper will discuss the differences between Domestic and Foreign Terrorism while the fifth part will explain in detail what State Terrorism is and when it is most likely to be used. Following on from State Terror the sixth part of the paper will explain in detail the Hypocrisy surrounding terrorism as well as whether or not governments have the right to talk about terrorism, the seventh part of the paper will describe in detail the horrific use of terror by the American's in Fallujah then finally finished off with the eight part explaining how governments and terrorists use media to better their goals.

What is Terrorism?

As stated by the American Red Cross (2012) Terrorism is classed as the use of force or violence against either people or property for the purpose of either causing intimidation or show of authority. It can therefore be said that terrorists use violence or the use of threats in order to create fear among the public or in order to convince the public that their government has lost their power to combat terrorism. Such threats include assassinations, kidnappings, airline hijacking, bomb scares, car bombings, explosive making, using the mail for passing dangerous materials, cyber-terrorism, agricultural terrorism and the use of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. Terrorism can be classed as both domestic and foreign each with its own meaning, domestic meaning terrorism committed in their own country against their own people and foreign meaning terrorism against other countries.

As seen by Crenshaw in Kegley, Jr. (2003, p.96) there are many different reasons for terrorism, although it can be said they all come back to political choices. Terrorism does not however have to be limited to one specific belief as many can be revolutionaries, nationalists fighting to keep foreign occupiers away or separatists fighting against a foreign system. The aim of terrorism is to create compassion or to create fear in an audience they deem the enemy. In addition the aim of terrorism is to push a government to use extreme means in retaliation in order to increase publicity of a terrorist cause. It can therefore be agreed with Crenshaw that terrorism can be seen as the most logical choice when the opponents are also using extreme measures, terrorism however is not a weapon used by the weak but by those who lack other means to fight back.

According to Primoratz (2004, p.xi) however, terrorism also contains a less obvious double standard, relating to the accusation that insurgents who resort to violence are resorting to acts of terrorism, however it can be argued that if we take a closer look at the types of violence they use, their victims and the notion of not wanting to talk about terrorism it creates a double standard of 'the state versus non-state agents' resulting in the assumption that terrorism is something done by the insurgents, never by the state but this can be proven wrong by looking into examples of state sponsored terrorism, for example the Chinese Cultural Revolution. According to Coady within Primoratz (2004, p.3) in order to define terrorism it is important to understand what terrorism is and is there anything wrong with it. Many debates have been undertaken to find an understanding about terrorism, however there can be seen to be a large radical confusion about what is and will be discussed. Coady also explains how terrorism is best defined as the organised use of violence to attack the innocent or their properties for political purposes.

Counter Terrorism

When looking into terrorism it is important to face the threats of terrorism head on by indulging into the types of groups involved with terrorist activities such as the Taliban and Al-Qaida. Also as stated by the Home Office (2012) there are five threat levels which are low meaning a threat is unlikely, moderate meaning an attack is possible but not likely, substantial meaning there is a strong chance a terrorist act may happen, severe meaning a threat is highly likely and critical meaning an act should be highly expected. However within the United Kingdom the threat level is substantial meaning a treat is highly possible and has been so since 9/11. However Homeland Security which is situated in America have different levels of threat ranging from low (green), Guarded (Blue), Elevated (Yellow), High (Orange) and Severe (Red) known as the Homeland Security Advisory System.

As seen in the Home Office (2012) the Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism also known as OSCT for short hold most of the accountability in providing counter-terrorist strategies within the United Kingdom by comparing data with other agencies and departments. Newburn (2008, p.563) also states the government has an anti-terrorist strategy labelled CONTEST consisting of four different principles which are to prepare for acts of terrorism by political, economic, social and technological means, to prevent any acts of terrorism, to protect the United Kingdom from attacks by strengthening buildings in order to reduce the chance of a terrorist act happening and to pursue terrorists in order to prosecute them in front of a court of law which closely ties to the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008.

According to the Home Office (2012) upon an emergency and once CONTEST is in play the government will respond by providing 7 different areas of support which include directions, the coordination with other emergency services and the public, providing more man power, providing anti-terrorist expertise, proving specialised equipment to combat terrorism, providing advice about terrorism to the public or to other services and providing financial support, However it can be seen that the Northern Ireland use different arrangements such as taking the lead when it comes to terrorism and only asking the United Kingdom government for support if needed. Upon the 7 areas of support issued via CONTEST there are also according to Newburn (2008, p.567-573) another 2 areas which are looked into in order to fully understand Counter-terrorism, these are:

•Intelligence – The seeking of threats of terrorism in order to prevent potential terrorist attacks and to shed light on terrorist operations. It can be argued by Newburn (2008, p.567) that intelligence is never seen as either 'black' or 'white' but can be seen in different shades of grey meaning the intelligence gained is not often definite but is always taken into account. It can also be said that due to the intelligence being rarely certain there is a lot of room for error, there are three different errors which can be described by the collection, transmission and application of the intelligence gathered.

•Collection - Due to the highly secretive nature of terrorist groups it is important to amass large amounts of intelligence via means such as surveillance, infiltration and spying which are seen as methods used only when there is no intelligence from public sources.
•Transmission – One of the key elements of counter-terrorism intelligence is it important that intelligence be distributed amongst different agencies or organisations, however it is important to note that issues may arise therefore it is important to ensure effective intelligence via transmissions to ensure any information which is secret available to anyone who needs it and whenever it is needed. According to Newburn (2008, p.569) problems with Transmission have been mixed together and highlighted within the contemporary nature of terrorism that requires an international response.
•Application – The third issue which arises when talking about how to counter terrorism is how the apply the intelligence which is received, however as seen in Newburn (2008, p.569) even though good intelligence can provide an early indication of a terrorist threat but when errors do occur a negative image of the police service and state law.
•Control and Lawfulness – As stated in Newburn (2008, p.570) the use of covert intelligence can be seen as invisible to the public and to the accountability of using such practices, therefore creating implications on both policing and state legitimacy. It can also be said that while many high policing methods are effective in creating further help in chasing terrorists over long periods of focusing solely on the pursuit of terrorists creates problems for the prevention of terrorism from happening in the first place resulting in the breakdown of social support.
•Social Support – According to Newburn (2008, p.570) social support is vital in order for terrorist groups to maintain their existence due to providing of both moral and material resources. It can be seen that many terrorist groups as stated by Newburn provoke states into unlawfully over-reacting in order to meet their aims to win over social audiences. As seen in Newburn (2008, p.571) Counter-terrorism policing in the United Kingdom has been inspired by problems which are closely tied to the decreasing levels of police and state control, therefore due to such problems how the public perceive lawfulness related to counter-terrorism goals are seen to create contradictions between aspects relating to counter-terrorism.

When looking into how counter-terrorism works we can look into recent topics which have a high demand of combat a terrorist threat, the most recent being the 2012 Olympic games being held in the United Kingdom. According to the Home Office (2012) five different publications have been released explaining potential threats and how to combat them, these are a special police unit to be tasked with following and safe guarding the Olympic torch and it's runner, a major exercise spanning over 2 days to be held in order to test the government and public service response towards a terrorist threat, a re-draft of the stop and search code of practice when dealing with counter terrorism, the banning of any tents and other camping equipment near Olympic areas and providing advice on how to protect crowded places against terrorist attacks. It can also however be said that even though counter terrorism practices have played a considerable roll in combating terrorism it also comes with its costs as seen by Donohue (2008).

According to Donohue (2008, p.25) when dealing with the political, social and economic costs of counterterrorist law tension may rise between the population and the state while playing into the hands of terrorists in alienating state or foreign allies and interrupt activities relating to trade. One such example of the costs of counter-terrorism is the use of counterterrorist powers such as the breach of privacy, the concern of privacy is not only academic but also the concern of militias who over history have fought to prevent unjust interference in the daily lives of the American citizen. While there are many other problems with counter-terrorism the main cost is the possible alienation of ethnic or religious groups resulting in many of the ethnic or religious groups supporting terrorism. Two of the main political costs of counter-terrorism are the money cost which is needed for training the emergency services on counter-terrorist measures and the time it takes to train and the time it takes for new legislation to be created and passed through parliament.

Human Rights

Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms which belong to everyone in the world, over the centuries the idea of human rights has evolved but did not achieve a strong international support until the Holocaust and World War II. The main aim of any human rights is to protect future generations from such horrors happening again resulting in the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations in 1948 while the core principles of any human right is dignity, equality and respect which was inspired in previous years by international and district settlements such as the 1950 European Convention of Human Rights, which aimed to protect the human rights of those who live in countries forming the European Union such as the United Kingdom who if they thought their human rights had been breached could complain to the European Court of Human Rights which is based in Strasbourg, Germany, however it wasn't until the release of the Human Rights Act 1998 that human rights was part of domestic law or could be heard in United Kingdom Courts.

Human rights reflect on everyday life and protect the freedom to control our own life and enabling fair and equal services from public authorities and emergency services. According to the Equality and Human Rights Commission (2012) your human rights are protected by being safe and protected from harm whether physical or mental which can include living in fear of neighbours, strangers or your own family members. It can be said that your human rights should not be taken away unless the government has good reason too especially the right to move around freely unless in relation to terrorism such as the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 which explains a person can be held for 96 hours before charge or release, however if suspected of indulging or supporting terrorism can be held for up to 28 days without charge or release and the supporting of terrorism being treat fairly and with dignity and living your life the way you wish too are also part of a citizens human rights.

As stated by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (2012) the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) passed through the United Kingdom Parliament in 2000 and includes 15 fundamental human rights, which any public authority such as the police and courts or any other authority which carries out public functions must comply with the Human Rights Act 1998. There are 15 fundamental Human Rights as stated by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (2012) but only 9 of these Rights are relevant to terrorism, these are as follows;

•The Right to Life – This Human Right makes sure nobody including the government has the right to end a person's life and also gives the right to protection if a person feels their life is at risk. This Human Right can be breached if a person ends another person's life, however this right can be legally breached if a public authority uses necessary force to make a lawful arrest or to stop a riot.
•Protection from torture and mistreatment – This Human Right protections a person from torture whether it is mental, physical or both, inhuman treatment such as serious physical assaults and deportation of a person to another country to face criminal charges if there is a risk of that person receiving torture or mistreatment in the other country.
•Right to liberty and Security – This Human Right protects the right to personal freedom meaning the government cannot take away a person's freedom by using means of detention without good reason too. This Human Right also gives a person the right to be told the charges in a language they understand, taken to court as soon as possible and a trail within reasonable time unless the person is a suspected terrorist.
•Protection from slavery and forced labour – This Human Right protects a person from being held as a slave or to be used for labour against the persons will.
•The Right to a fair trail – This Human Right gives a person the right to a fair or public trail if that person is charged for a criminal offence and must go to court, however this right does not apply to cases involving tax, voting rights or immigration law
•Freedom of thought, belief, and religion – This Human Rights Act protects a person to their own thoughts, beliefs and religion, which also includes the right for a person to change their belief and religion. This right also gives a person the right to put their thoughts and beliefs into action and without public authorities stopping the person without a good reason such as public safety, public order and the health of those around.
•Freedom of Expression – This right gives a person the right to hold their own opinion and express such an opinion without interference from a governmental authority, this right is particularly important to anyone who works with the media who on a regular basis may critique a government without having to worry about being prosecuted.
•No punishment without Law – This right gives a person exemption from being charged for a criminal offence which was not seen as a crime when the person committed it.
•Freedom of assembly and association – This right gives a person the right to hold meetings and demonstrations; however this right is breached when a person forces another person to protest, join a demonstration or to join any other association. One such example where this right is breached is the case of Abu Hamza who according to the Guardian (2012) was convicted in 2006 for inciting racial hatred and soliciting murder. He was also charged with taking 16 hostages in Yemen in 1998 and was planning to establish a terrorist training camp in Oregon, USA. The Court of Human Rights according to the Guardian (2012) has also ruled that Abu Hamza and four others can be extradited to face charges held against them in the United States.

However as stated by Wilson (2005, p.1) after 9/11 and the 'war on terror' which followed it can be said that human rights have lost status in their international affairs. As seen by most of the United States responses to Islamic terrorism due to military presence in both Afghanistan and Iraq. It can be said that human rights will always be a component of politics held by liberal democrats in response to emergency situations, such politics discussed by the liberal democrats have always sat upon the importance of the rights of the individual and the execution of power by the judicial system. The war on Iraq however was different in relation to a breach in human rights as it was more of a pre-emptive strike more than it was in self-defence as the United States originally based their assumptions upon Saddam Hussein's so called possession of weapons of mass destruction. Saddam Hussein was known for his record of breaching human rights especially against the Kurds in 1988 and the aftermath of the 1991 Gulf War as stated by Wilson (2006, p.11), However human rights breached by Saddam Hussein was not under significant discussion until after the United States and United Kingdom forces invaded.

According to Robertson (2005, p.169) it can be stated that a trial for anyone suspected as a terrorist cannot be fair by any meaning. In the United Kingdom terrorists have always been tried and prosecuted unfairly, however it can be said that at least terrorists have been tried in a court of law. One of the systems which does not seem to have a good record of trying alleged terrorists is that of the Anglo-American system, it therefor important to re-establish a minority of a person's rights such as a trial by jury, but whatever the case it important to try a suspected terrorist fairly as to not spark an international argument on the breach of humans rights. Over the centuries the United States and the United Kingdom have had many different trials relating to terrorism such as the Guy Fawkes trial famous to the United Kingdom, However many of terrorism trials have been shared between both countries such as the Saddam Hussein trial and the Abu Hamza trial.

As stated by Hicks (2005, p.209) many Human Rights activists in many different parts of the world have always in some way shared a common sense of alarm when it comes to the challenges about the global threat of terrorism, before the attacks on the world trade centre's on September 11th, 2001 human rights activists believed the standard of human rights to be appropriate. Pre 9/11 human rights saw many obstacles in relation to the protection of a person's human rights especially when security was in question and that the right to peace and security is one of the main fundamental columns which hold up the human rights system.

It can be agreed with Wilson (2005, p.10) that over the centuries human rights activists have become more and more supportive of protecting a terrorists human rights and less about the threats terrorists have towards national security, however it can be argued that if everyone has the right to life which is taken away from a person then the terrorist whom committed the act should also lose their right to life.

Pre 9/11 saw many discussions forming about counter-terrorism measures with many human rights activists also voicing their opinions about an effective response to terrorism, however it can be said that human rights activists and leaders seek a form of counter-terrorism which does not create contradictions between counter-terrorism measures and human rights, resulting in counter production when this does happen. Over the years however governments have also tried to silence human rights activists by controlling their freedom of expression, association and movement.

Domestic & Foreign Terrorism

There are two main types of terrorism in the world, each with its own meaning and its own aim, which are domestic and foreign (international) terrorism. Domestic terrorism is known as violence towards a civilian population, however not always done by person's relating to the nation but is used to intimidate or influence a national policy. Such examples include as stated by the Anti-Defamation League (2005) the Oklahoma City Bombing in 1995 which killed 168 and injuring many more. Foreign terrorism on the other hand is violence committed by a foreign person towards a foreign country such as the September 11th, 2001 World Trade Centre terrorist attack.

It was on the 11th September 2001 that Airlines Flight 11 as stated by the BBC (2012) flying from Boston crashed between the 95th and 103rd floors of the north trade tower at 12:46pm Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) cutting off the escape route for those about the 105th floor and instantly killing those who worked on the 106th floor. 17 minutes later at 1:03pm GMT emergency services arrived at the scene to help workers escape, it was also at this time that Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the south tower causing a large explosion which burst out of the other side of the building.

Some of the workers who had saw the first crash had begun to leave the building previous to the second airplane crashing into the south tower, however once the plane had hit the south tower those above the flames jumped to their death rather than waiting for the flames to reach them and burning to death.

At 2:59pm GMT the south tower collapsed crushing the countless workers, police officers and fire fighters who were trying to escape the tower taking only 10 seconds to collapse, then at 3:28pm GMT roughly half an hour later the north tower also collapsed also crushing the countless left inside or trying to escape. People on the streets were seen running for their lives as clouds of debris and dust engulfed everything around coating the city in a shade of grey.

More than 5,000 people were declared missing on September 11th, 2001 and only five survivors were found in the first 24 hours after the collapse of the towers. Shortly after the collapse of the Twin Towers the place where both towers once stood became known as ground zero, according to the BBC (2006) five years on from the collapse of the towers plans have been made to create a skyscraper which is to be called Freedom Tower (also known as the One World Trade Centre) which is still currently under construction and Is to represent all those who lost their lives during 9/11 and is to symbolise Freedom.

State Terrorism

As stated by Barker (2008, p.63) state terrorism has always had an ancient history involving wars on civilizations, one of the first examples of state terrorism is the deliberate north American small-pox incident where countless north American Indians were given small pox. It can be said that whether a nation is coping with internal opposition or protecting power abroad state terrorism has always been chosen as an action. Over the centuries there have been countless examples of state terrorism ranging from Nazi Germany to Mao Tse-tung and the Cultural Revolution, in order for these regimes to work special police were recruited in order to pursue and ruthlessly punish those who were seen as unworthy or unreliable. These special police forces were known to kill many of their citizens and used terrorism as a means to control the actions and thoughts of other citizens.

These special police forces were successful for many years in eliminating those who might have organized an opposition to their leader. The Nazi's for examples as stated by Barker (2008, p.67) took control of many of the newspapers, schools and other media outlets, however after several months the use of terror began to become routine in the everyday life of a Germany citizen, however even though the use of brutal violence began to stop terrorism, extermination and war still continued resulting in the formation of what was to be known as the Third Reich. Stalin on the other hand was seen to use terrorism as a means of control a long while before Hitler did in Germany, Stalin used forced labour, arrests and torture as a means to control his own country, while in these forced labour camps millions died from starvation or execution.

At the beginning of 1966 Mao Tse-tung became the next person who would use state terror to control his people, with the help of his Red Guards he started to purge his political enemies while others Mao saw as an opponent were sent to prisons or sent to work as forced labour resulting in many either committing suicide or suffering from mental breakdowns. In 1967 Mao began to purge and criticize China's governmental leaders, Mao told the population that the only way to avoid getting purged was to not get involved with any political motion. Mao was also known for sending those he found intellectual into rural areas to be re-educated alongside peasants, however this resulted in the deaths of hundreds of intellectuals from disease and over work resulting in the disbandment of the Red Guards in 1969 and then in 1971 the Cultural Revolution came to an end.

Hypocrisy

In order to fully understand what terrorism means to different cultures it is important to understand the Hypocrisy of it all. As seen by Unger (2009) Americans are fighting a War on Terror when they could be fighting a War on Error, many American's are seen to be killed more due to medical errors than that of terrorism, it can be clearly seen that if American's were to face their attention more to the War on Error many more lives would be saved, the War on Terror however seems to be causing more deaths resulting in the notion that fighting terror with terror only increases the death toll.

As stated by Fatima Bhutto (America's Moral Hypocrisy on Terrorism, 2011) President Obama's speech after Bin Laden's announced death was seen as something George Bush Junior would say but with a better choice and the use of words. President Obama then leads onto praise those American's who had lost loved ones and family members to terrorism, however he seems to mention nothing about the Pakistani orphans who had been left without loved ones or parents, since Obama came into office close to 2000 Pakistani's had been killed in drone strikes under  taken by the United States military, with a large number being civilians which to American's have no face or name.

President Obama references Bin Laden as being a mass murder of Muslims; however he did not mention the hundreds and thousands of Muslim deaths during the American invasion of Iraq. It can also be said that Iraq never had any affiliation with Al Qaeda or Osama Bin Laden until European and American soldiers set foot onto Iraqi soil. As stated by Unger (2009) a terrorist is defined as anyone who practices terrorism, therefore due to the history of America's use of terrorist tactics such as the 1986 My Lai Massacre which resulted in the deaths of over 340 unarmed Vietnamese villages which consisted of mostly women and children, therefore it can be said that if an American soldier was to look in a mirror they may end up shooting themselves.

'One man's terrorist is another man's freedom-fighter'
Gerald Seymour, 1975

It can therefore be said that hypocrisy is the Muslim's practice of having high moral standards and/or religious beliefs in which any other person does not follow their way of religious practice.

Case Study: Fallujah

Located in Iraq forty miles from the west of Baghdad, Fallujah was to be known as one of the bloodiest and horrifying example of domestic terrorism leading into International Terrorism which consisted of two battles. As stated by Global Security (2004) the first battle for Fallujah began on April 5th, 2004 which was to be labelled Operation Vigilant Resolve', which sparked when four Blackwater military contractors were captured as well as mutilated and the killing of 5 United States soldiers a few days before 'Operation Vigilant Resolve'. This Operation ended in failure resulting in the creation of 'Operation Phantom Fury'.

As stated by Global Security (2012) early on in the Gulf War a British jet which was carrying two laser-guided missiles accidently dropped them on a crowded market killing between 50 and 150 civilians. On April 9th, 2004 US Marines took positions on the roads leading to the Jordanian and Fallujah General Hospital, however as stated by Iraq hospital officials who were working at the hospitals at the time reported 600 Iraqi's had been killed and 1,250 had been injured so far due to the fighting outside the Hospitals. It was stated by sources that more than half of those who were killed or injured were women and children.

'Operation Phantom Fury' began on the 7th of November, 2005, according to Sigfrido Ranucci (The Hidden Massacre, 2006) Fallujah was said to be the only war recorded as it happened and that the whole world can see but it was nothing more than a lie. Jeff Englehart who is an ex United States solider was personally involved with escorting a commander to Fallujah for Operation 'Phantom Fury', upon entering Fallujah the commander told all the soldiers heading into Fallujah that every person who was walking, talking and breathing was an enemy combatant.

Upon soldiers entering Iraq the army had set age limits to enemy combatants, on first entering Iraq Englehart was told it was 18 to 65 years old as this was the age of adulthood, However upon entering Fallujah he was told it was any male holding a gun was seen as a threat. Upon being asked what he would tell his children about Fallujah he would tell them it was a killing of Arabs. Upon trying to release the horror of what happened in Fallujah two journalists were arrested and their videos were seized, the war on Fallujah did not have witnesses as it was seen to be based on lies, many of the journalists who covered Fallujah had their tapes and documents taken by force or had their rooms and houses searched in order to confiscate materials which included information on Fallujah.

During January, 2005 death toll of those in Fallujah had no official figures, United States official John Sattler published information on the 18th November, 2005 which stated he was unaware of any civilian casualty, however pictures seen during 'The Hidden Massacre' published by Sigfrido Ranucci show countless dead civilians, one part of the video shows a wounded and unarmed man being executed by a  United States Soldier, it can be said that even those who were holding white flags as a sign of surrender were also shot at with some managing to escape while others were killed. The death toll of civilians in Fallujah was believed to have reached the hundreds disproving the statement published by John Sattler. The United States military was seen to use biological weapons which started to affect those in the city of Fallujah, one such example as shown by Sigfrido Ranucci (The Hidden Massacre, 2006) shows how after the Americans finished bombing Fallujah a boy's skull began to change and grow bigger.

The insurgency in Fallujah was originally sparked when 18 civilians were killed after they protested about the presence of the United States military in primary schools around Fallujah, it was said that according to General Richard Myers Fallujah was a dehumanised 'rats-nest'. After the statement made by US Official John Sattler the death toll was looked into resulting in the realisation that the death toll had been excluded, however it did not stop there, it was found that more than half of the death toll was women and children as well as the statistics on the deaths during the Nazzal hospital bombing also being prevented. Fallujah was seen as a rally crying by President Bush to pacify and was to be celebrated by the United States military as the new Vietnam, George Bush later states after the Fallujah incident that there are no rules when it comes to fighting terrorism.

Media & Terrorism

It can be said media has always been used as a method of calling attention to terrorism around the world, many such media representations are seen in forms of movies, newspaper articles or documentaries. According to Nacos (2004, p.178) those who intend to plan or commit an act of terrorism have always thought about the consequences and how likely it is to attract the attention of the media, it can therefore be said that the media are seen as a type of doorkeeper who opens the door to mediation of political violence especially terrorists. It can be said that since the first bombing of the World Trade Centre's in 1993 which was placed in the underground parking garage and the Oklahoma city bombings which killed countless civilians terrorism has spread from the use of the expression of terrorism the need to claim responsibility for terrorist actions is no longer needed, however responsibility for many of the recent terrorist attacks has been claimed out right or hinted towards their identity.

As seen in a Document labelled Terrorism and Media published by Transnational Terrorism (2008) Terrorists are constantly trying to use media as a way of getting their goals known to the public, in order to do this terrorist organizations will attempt to influence media outlets such as news stations which in turn would result in influencing their desired audience to spread the existence of the terrorist organization, this means all the attention will shift and focus on the terrorists, therefore it can be said that the use of media is essential in any plan which tactics which terrorists use are founded upon. The attention given to terrorists via the media can be said to aim to intimidate the audience resulting in the smallest possibility a terrorist attack could happen would create enough fear resulting in the terrorists aim to be completed.

An earliest example of the use of media to better terrorist goals is the attack on the Olympic Games in Munich during 1972, during the games a Palestinian terrorist organisation called Black September carried out attacks on Israeli athletes, which resulted a hostage situation and a rescue attempt which was seen by over 800 million people worldwide. It can be said that such means used in order to draw the attention of the audience are planned thoroughly and do not happen on an impulse.

As stated by Transnational Terrorism (2008) terrorist groups or governments may end up forcing the media to publish their motives such as media published under Adolf Hitler's orders during Nazi Germany, however it can be said that in most cases terrorists tend not to force their goals and motives to the media. The audience which terrorist attacks are focused upon is not only potential victims that need to taste fear but it is also aimed at people who are thinking about supporting the terrorists goals which results in the third objective of terrorists using the media which is to show the world and those thinking about supporting their goals that they can achieve mass  destruction. However it can be said that in order for terrorists become authentic representatives of their cause they must appear in the mass media on a regular basis.

According to Holloway (2008) the United States media which covered the September 11th World Trade Centre bombings was riddled with critics who tried everything in their power to accuse American journalists of forgetting its obligation to the people but instead rushing to cover the war or terror. It was seen that after 9/11 media studies were sparked in order to fully understand the link between journalism and the use of state power, the 9/11 terrorist attacks also saw the abolishment of media concepts such as observer-hood as, which resulted in making unbiased coverage impossible.

After the 9/11 aftermath many different news websites began showing up however many included alternative news content, it can be said that since the creation of the world wide web information has become instantly available for anyone who knows what they are looking for with such sites like YouTube and Google have made it possible for many internet users to store vast amounts of video's and websites for others to see, someone only has to type terrorism in the video site YouTube and will be expected to find over 197,000 results ranging from clips taken from a news program, academic talks and responses others have uploaded with their own thoughts on terrorism.

The use of media seemed to grow after 9/11, photographs of areas such as ground zero and the wall which held pictures and information of the lost or dead were taken and published in magazines or on the internet, literature was created to explain personal feelings about 9/11 or about other areas which involved terrorism and movies depicting what happened during certain terrorist attacks were shown in the cinema, one such example being a film called 'World Trade Center' which starred Nicolas Cage as a New York Police officer who with a few others went in to evacuate the crumbling World Trade Centre's and was caught buried under all the rubble after the tower had collapsed.

According to Prince (2009) many terrorists have desired for some form of mass destruction where it involves flying a plane into a building or using a car bomb to destroy an area or a convoy, The destruction of the World Trade Centre's in 2001 sparked the notion that more terrible things were going to happen in the future. It can be said that to better understand what happened to American film after 9/11 it is important to first understand the direction film took in the 1980's and 1990's previous to the 9/11 terrorist attack. Since the 1980's movies on terrorism offered the audience mass destruction as a form of entertainment, however previous to 1980's it was rare for American films to use examples of terrorism.

Alfred Hitchcock was a very well-known director in American cinema, he created the most powerful and horrifying image of terrorism in early cinema with his production called the Sabotage which was created in 1936 nineteen years before he became an American citizen, during the film a young boy who was unaware of what was in the bag is told to carry a bomb to Piccadilly Circus which must arrive before 1:30pm, however the young boy stops to watch a passing parade and is pestered by a man selling toothpaste, he then boards a bus which is delayed, while on the bus the young boy sits next to an elderly lady with a puppy which the young boy pats. At 1:45pm the bomb explodes killing everyone on the bus, upon watching the film the audience would be tense and anxious about what was going to happen next.

As stated by Prince (2009) The World Trade Centre became taboo in films, images of the towers were removed from films such as Spider-Man and Zoolander which were to be released after 9/11. After 9/11 Television and Cinema saw the rise of Documentaries about what happened to a small few during September 11th, One such Documentary called '7 Day's in September' which was created in 2004 documents the moments he spent inside a building with a man who was covered in ash, the documentary depicts the overwhelming cause of events as movie-like. In another video by Jules Naudet and James Hanlon unedited footage is shown involving the destruction which spread through the whole of the North Tower previous to its collapse.

With the use of media by terrorists in order to put their goals across to the world it is important to counter their use. As stated by Transnational Terrorism (2008) it is important to counter the relationship between terrorism and the media, examples of policy options which could be used are that of Laissez-faire which aim is to not cover terrorism at all regardless of circumstances or the situations it may cause.
Another policy which could be used to counter the use of media by terrorists a form of media censorship, even though it can be said that freedom of speech is an important part of society and is one of the core Human Rights but restrictions on the freedom of how the media publish their press might seem a necessary measure, however if the media refuse to cover any activity relating to terrorism terrorists may end up dying out.

There have been many examples of governments threatening or banning media publishers from covering any type of terrorism. It can therefore be argued whether or not using measures to counter the use of media used by terrorist is useful, therefore if governments were to succeed in the reduction of media coverage related to terrorism would it have an effect on how powerful and threatening a terrorist attack would be, such examples involve the blocking of broadcasting information live as to not hinder counter-terrorism strategies. As stated by Transnational Terrorism (2008) despite the following examples of countering the use of media by terrorists there is no proving that the reduction of terrorism due to a ban on broadcasting would work.

It is important to also ask whether or not the measures created for the purpose of counter the use of media by terrorist is desirable, this can be broken down into two different restrictions which have an effect on both legal and moral aspects, such restrictions include the Legal restrictions such as the freedom of speech and expression which is stated in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom's which states that everyone has the right to freedom of expression.

In order for a legal restriction to be placed the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom's on the basis of three areas being meet, these areas are as stated by Transnational Terrorism (2008) the restriction must be place by the courts and government, it must be in response to protecting the public's interests and it is necessary to hold such interests. In response to terrorism ever since 9/11 new legislation has been passed which enables the government to prove a link to law exists, it can therefore be said that if a government has reasonable belief that certain media coverage will help terrorists then by law they have the authority to restrict broadcasting.

There are other issues which need to be looked out, however another most important issue is that of ethics, it can be said that all journalists and editors see it as their sole purpose to inform the world with as much information as is needed. It can be said that a large area of ethical issues stem from censoring terrorism, which to others believe that if the government could sensor terrorism then what is to say the government won't label something else as terrorism and censor that too, which is highly likely to be done by uncontrolled governments.

Conclusion

This dissertation has investigated 8 different areas all tying into the relation between Hypocrisy and Terrorism. The purpose of this current study was to set out and determine whether or not Hypocrisy surrounds terrorism, if so how and who is it used by. One of the most significant findings to emerge from this study is that not only do terrorists use terrorist tactics to better their control and goals the American government used the same tactics before and after 9/11.

The findings of this study show that the government is Hypocritical when publishing documents relating to the use of terrorist tactics or talking about the orphans created due to deaths of American soldiers, however as seen in Fatima Bhutto (America's Moral Hypocrisy on Terrorism, 2011) governments are to focused on their own people and not on those who have been left orphans due to the United States military attacks on innocent houses, schools or hospitals.

The study has however gone some way towards enhancing our understand of what terrorism truly is, how to counter such terrorism, our everyday human rights, the difference between Domestic and Foreign Terrorism, State Terror, Hypocrisy, the use of media by terrorist as well as a case study on Fallujah which was one of the most horrifying and bloody use of American power to date. The current investigation was however limited due to the word constraint and many of the findings were aimed towards terrorists rather than governments themselves; therefore I believe governments have attempted very hard to cover up their own mistakes.

It is recommended that further research be undertaken in areas such as Governmental Hypocrisy and how we can quell the threat of terror completely. There is, therefore, a definite need for future legislation and future methods of being able to fight against hypocritical governments in response to how they themselves use terrorism. I believe that no matter the outcome, fighting terror with terror will always cause more bloodshed so it is important to find other means of combating terrorism.


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[Zemus]

cliffs?

[Kevin]

I like the part about the young boy, elderly lady, and the puppy!

[Asaad]

I like this topic, particularly about the ignorance of the general population who are easily swayed into believing something is wrong based off of propaganda. Look into the US Syrian conflict from CNN's standpoint and then Russia today. It's incredible how long this stuff has been going on.